Bhave G, Hu HJ, Glauner KS, Zhu W, Wang H, Brasier DJ et al (2003) Protein kinase C

phosphorylation sensitizes but does not activate the capsaicin receptor transient receptor poten-

tial vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(21):12480–12485

Black JA, Cummins TR, Plumpton C, Chen YH, Hormuzdiar W, Clare JJ et al (1999) Upregulation

of a silent sodium channel after peripheral, but not central, nerve injury in DRG neurons. J

Neurophysiol 82(5):2776–2785

Bouillot S, Martin-Négrier ML, Vital A, Ferrer X, Lagueny A, Vincent D et al (2002) Peripheral

neuropathy associated with mitochondrial disorders: 8 cases and review of the literature. J

Peripher Nerv Syst 7(4):213–220

Boulton AJM, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L (2004) Clinical practice. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. N

Engl J Med 351(1):48–55

Boulton AJM, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R et al (2005) Diabetic

neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 28(4):956–962

Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, Backonja M, Cohen J, Del Toro D et al (2011) Evidence-based

guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: report of the American Academy of

Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and

the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 76(20):1758–1765

Burnstock G (2006) Purinergic P2 receptors as targets for novel analgesics. Pharmacol Ther 110(3):

433–454

Burnstock G (2007) Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol Rev

87(2):659–797

Chong MS, Hester J (2007) Diabetic painful neuropathy: current and future treatment options.

Drugs 67(4):569–585

Chung JM (2004) The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in persistent pain. Mol Interv 4(5):

248–250

Cobos-Palacios L, Sampalo AL, Carmona MDL (2020) Diabetic neuropathy. Medicine 13:911–923

Cohen K, Shinkazh N, Frank J, Israel I, Fellner C (2015) Pharmacological treatment of diabetic

peripheral neuropathy. P T 40(6):372–388

Dana H, Chalbatani GM, Mahmoodzadeh H, Karimloo R, Rezaiean O, Moradzadeh A et al (2017)

Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of siRNA. Int J Biomed Sci 13(2):48–57

Devor M, Seltzer Z (1999) Pathophysiology of damaged nerves in relation to chronic pain. In:

Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, London

Dobretsov M, Hastings SL, Romanovsky D, Stimers JR, Zhang JM (2003) Mechanical

hyperalgesia in rat models of systemic and local hyperglycemia. Brain Res 960(1–2):174–183

Dorn G, Patel S, Wotherspoon G, Hemmings-Mieszczak M, Barclay J, Natt FJC et al (2004) siRNA

relieves chronic neuropathic pain. Nucleic Acids Res 32(5):e49

Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach JM et al (1993) The prevalence by staged

severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-

based cohort: the Rochester diabetic neuropathy study. Neurology 43(4):817–824

Felts PA, Yokoyama S, Dib-Hajj S, Black JA, Waxman SG (1997) Sodium channel α-subunit

mRNAs I, II, III, NaG, Na6 and hNE (PN1): different expression patterns in developing rat

nervous system. Mol Brain Res 45(1):71–82

Fernandes ES, Fernandes MA, Keeble JE (2012) The functions of TRPA1 and TRPV1: moving

away from sensory nerves. Br J Pharmacol 166(2):510–521

Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ (2014) Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine 42(12):698–702

Galloway C, Chattopadhyay M (2013) Increases in inflammatory mediators in DRG implicate in the

pathogenesis of painful neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Cytokine 63(1):1–5

Gonçalves dos Santos G, Delay L, Yaksh TL, Corr M (2020) Neuraxial cytokines in pain states.

Front Immunol 10:3061

Gordois A, Scuffham P, Shearer A, Oglesby A, Tobian JA (2003) The health care costs of diabetic

peripheral neuropathy in the U.S. Diabetes Care 26(6):1790–1795

382

R. Bhandari et al.